Revizyon 2023
Varikosel nedir?
Varikosel, skrotumda (testisleri tutan torba) bulunan damarların genişlemesidir. Genellikle ergenlik döneminde gelişir ve tedavi edilmediği sürece ömür boyu devam eder. Varikoseller sıklıkla sol tarafta görülür, ancak her iki tarafta da olabilir.
Varikosel neden oluşur?
Varikoselin kesin nedeni bilinmemektedir; birçok teori öne sürülmüştür. Varikosel, ergenlik döneminde testislerin büyümesi ve kan akışının artmasıyla belirginleşen normal anatomik bir varyasyon olarak kabul edilir.
Ne kadar yaygındır?
Varikosel oldukça yaygındır ve yetişkin erkeklerin yaklaşık %20-25’inde görülür.
Varikosel nasıl tespit edilir?
Varikosel fizik muayene ile teşhis edilir ve ayakta dururken en kolay şekilde görülür. Yatar pozisyonda belirginliği azalır. Tanı için ultrason şart değildir, ancak bazı erkeklerde tanıya yardımcı olabilir. Fizik muayenede hissedilemeyip yalnızca ultrasonda görülebilen varikosellere “subklinik varikosel” denir.
Varikosel zararlı mıdır?
Çoğu erkekte varikosel herhangi bir belirti ya da probleme neden olmayan anatomik bir bulgudur. Ancak bazı erkeklerde varikosel, skrotal ağrıya veya doğurganlığın azalmasına yol açabilir. Varikoselli erkeklerin yarısından daha azında sperm sayısı ve/veya kalitesi azalır; bu da çocuk sahibi olma yetisini etkileyebilir. Varikoselin başka bir sağlık sorununa neden olduğu gösterilmemiştir.
Varikosel kısırlığa nasıl neden olabilir?
Varikoselin erkek doğurganlığını nasıl etkilediğine dair çeşitli teoriler vardır. En yaygın kabul gören teori, genişlemiş damarlar ve kan birikmesi nedeniyle skrotumun ısısının artmasıdır. Bu ısı artışı, normal sperm üretimini ve hareketini olumsuz etkiler.
Varikosel ne zaman tedavi edilmelidir?
Varikosel, ağrıya ya da anormal semen analizi ile birlikte görülen kısırlığa neden oluyorsa tedavi edilmelidir. Semen analizi normal olan erkeklerin varikosellerinin tedavi edilmesine gerek yoktur. Subklinik varikoseller ise tedavi gerektirmez.
Varikosel nasıl tedavi edilir?
Varikosel tedavisinde en sık uygulanan yöntem cerrahidir. Kasık bölgesine küçük bir kesi yapılır ve genişlemiş damarları içeren spermatik kord incelenir. Genişlemiş damarlar bağlanarak kan birikimi engellenir; arterler ve diğer yapılar (örneğin vas deferens) korunur. Bu işlem genellikle günübirlik ameliyat olarak, genel ya da lokalanestezi altında yapılır.
Cerrahi tedavi sonrası erkeklerin üçte ikisinde semen analizlerinde düzelme görülür ve yaklaşık %40’ı gebelik elde edebilir. Cerrahiye alternatif olarak, girişimsel radyologlar tarafından yapılan “embolizasyon” yöntemi de uygulanabilir. Bu işlemde, damara kateterle girilerek damar içine bir coil (bobin) veya sıvı madde yerleştirilir ve kan akışı engellenerek birikim önlenir.
Varikosel ameliyatının riskleri nelerdir?
Ciddi komplikasyonlar nadirdir. Olası riskler arasında kanama, enfeksiyon, testis hasarı ve genel anesteziye bağlı komplikasyonlar bulunur. Ameliyat olan erkeklerin yaklaşık %1’inde varikosel nüks edebilir ya da devam edebilir.
Turkish Fact Sheets
View more fact sheets and booklets written by the ASRM Patient Education Committee and translated by the Turkish Society of Reproductive Medicine.Resources For You
The American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) is committed to providing patients with the highest quality information about reproductive care.
Advocacy Resources
ASRM has prepared resources to help you explain and advocate for reproductive rights and the continuation of in vitro fertilization and other fertility treatments.
Frequently Asked Questions
ASRM's Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) provides answers to common questions about reproductive health.
Patient Journeys
ASRM has resources and publications to help you through each stage of your journey.
State and Territory Infertility Insurance Laws
One way that ASRM works to improve access to fertility care is by advocating for insurance coverage for reproductive medicine care. All patients should have access to the care they need.
Fact Sheets and Infographics
ASRM produces a series of fact sheets and booklets on various topics related to infertility, reproductive health, and family planning. The fact sheets and booklets are available in English, Spanish, and Chinese.
Reproductive Rights and You
The Dobbs decision has sparked a litany of changes in state laws across the nation, and more are expected. We need your help!
Reproductive Topics
Find all the resources on a specific topic compiled onto a single page.
SART Fertility Experts Podcast
An educational project of ASRM's affiliated society, the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology (SART), this series is designed to provide up to date information about a variety of topics related to fertility testing and treatment such as IVF.
Patient Education Videos
ASRM and its affiliated society SART have made several videos to explain the sometimes difficult topics related to reproductive medicine.
Terms and Definitions
Find explanations for the meaning behind the doctor-speak you hear when trying to research reproductive medicine topics. ASRM has defined the most popular terms in easy to understand language.
Patient Stories
Read real-life stories from patients who have faced reproductive medicine challenges and come out stronger on the other side.
Fertility in the News
ASRM Press Releases and Bulletins are published by ASRM's Office of Public Affairs to inform the world about important happenings in reproductive medicine and at ASRM.
Male Fertility/Andrology
SART Fertility Experts - Azoospermia
Learn about azoospermia, its causes, diagnosis, and treatment options from top fertility experts. Early testing is key to effective infertility care. Listen to the Episode
SART Fertility Experts - Wellness and Fertility: Diet, Sleep and Exercise
Drs. Timothy Hickman and Rashmi Kudesia discuss the links between lifestyle and fertility. Listen to the Episode
İnfertilite İçin Tanısal Testler
Gebelik elde edememiş çiftlere, korunmasız şekilde 12 ay boyunca denemelerine rağmen gebe kalamamışlarsa fertilite testleri önerilmektedir. View the fact sheet
Male Fertility Journey
About 20% of infertility cases are due to a male factor alone. Another 30% involves both male and female factors.
View the Patient Journey
SART Fertility Experts - Urology and Male Reproductive Health
Male infertility is less often discussed than female infertility. Dr. Ajay Nangia discusses when a man should seek help with conceiving.
Listen to the Episode
Stress and infertility
It is not clear how exactly stress impacts fertility. Read the Fact Sheet
Optimizing Natural Fertility
Before attempting pregnancy, a woman should make sure she is healthy enough for pregnancy by adopting a healthier lifestyle and taking prenatal vitamins. If she has a medical or genetic condition or risk of one, she should seek advice from a medical professional before conceiving (becoming pregnant) View the fact sheet
Optimizing Male Fertility
About 20% of infertility cases are due to a male factor alone. Another 30% involves both male and female factors. View the fact sheet
Cancer and its impact on sperm, cryopreservation, and fertility
This can be confusing since the terms are often used interchangeably in the media and casual conversation. View the fact sheet
Male Fertility Evaluation: What do I need to know?
Infertility is the inability to achieve pregnancy after one year of unprotected sex. View the fact sheet
Sperm morphology (shape): Does it affect fertility?
The most common test of a man’s fertility is a semen analysis. View the fact sheet
Fertility Options for Men with Spinal Cord Injury
There are several reasons a man with a spinal cord injury (SCI) might have infertility. View the fact sheet
Varicocele
A varicocele is a variation of normal anatomy in which veins in the scrotum (the sac that holds the testicles) become enlarged and sometimes even visible. View the fact sheet
Weight and fertility
One of the easiest ways to determine if you are underweight or overweight is to calculate your body mass index (BMI). View the fact sheet
ERKEK FERTİLİTESİNİN OPTİMİZASYONU
Normal bir heteroseksüel çiftin bir yıl içinde hamile kalma şansı yaklaşık %85’tir. View the fact sheet
ERKEK KANSERİ DONDURARAK SAKLAMA VE DOĞURGANLIK
Terimler genellikle medyada ve gündelik konuşmalarda birbirinin yerine kullanıldığı için bu kafa karıştırıcı olmakla birlikte bu iki terim birbirinden oldukça farklıdır. View the fact sheet
ERKEKTE KISIRLIĞIN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
Kısırlık, bir yıl boyunca korunmasız cinsel ilişkiye rağmen gebelik elde edilememesi olarak tanımlanır. View the fact sheet
Kilo ve Doğurganlık
Gebelik için ideal kiloda olup olmadığınızı anlamanın en kolay yollarından biri, vücut kitle indeksinizi (VKİ) hesaplamaktır. View the fact sheet
Varikosel
Varikosel, skrotumda (testisleri tutan torba) bulunan damarların genişlemesidir. View the fact sheet
SART Fertility Experts - Male Factor
Infertility is not just a female problem. Dan candidly shares his journey with both diagnosis and treatment of male infertility with Dr. Paul Lin.
Listen to the Episode
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
A procedure called intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) can be done along with in vitro fertilization (IVF) if a sperm cannot penetrate the outer layer of an egg. Read the Fact Sheet
SART Fertility Experts - IVF: Cycles of Hope and Heartbreak
Does stress cause infertility or is it the other way round? Listen to the Episode
Fertility Options After Vasectomy
Vasectomy is currently one of the most common methods of sterilization in the United States. After your vasectomy, if you change your mind about having children, there are two procedures that can help you have a child with your partner. View the Fact Sheet
SART Fertility Experts - Male Fertility
Did you know that up to 40% of infertile couples suffer from male factor infertility? Listen to the Episode
Infertility: an Overview (booklet)
Infertility is typically defined as the inability to achieve pregnancy after one year of unprotected intercourse. View the booklet
Male Fertility and Infertility - a patient education video
Male Factor Infertility is responsible for about 30% of infertility cases and can contribute infertility to an additional 20% of cases. Watch Video
Infertility
Infertility is the result of a disease (an interruption, cessation, or disorder of body functions, systems, or organs) of the male or female reproductive tract which prevents the conception of a child or the ability to carry a pregnancy to delivery. Watch Video
Basic Infertility Evaluation
Dr. Roger Lobo of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine discusses the various methods to evaluate infertility. Watch Video
Infertility Treatments
Dr. Roger Lobo of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine discusses the various treatments for infertility. Watch Video
Understanding Fertility
In this video series, Dr. Roger Lobo explains the basics of infertility, including causes, treatments and coping methods. Watch Video
Surviving the Roller Coaster Emotions of Infertility Treatment
The experience of infertility is a rollercoaster of hope and disappointment. Treatment presents an opportunity for hope as well as a new set of challenges. Watch Video
Causes of Male Infertility
Dr. Roger Lobo, of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine explains the causes of male infertility. Watch Video
FAQ About Infertility
Infertility is not an inconvenience; it's a disease of the reproductive system. Learn the facts
Male Fertility Infographics
ASRM has prepared infographics to illustrate the subject of Male Fertility better. View the infographicsSurgery (reproductive)
ASRM Hosts Capitol Hill Briefing for Policymakers & Congressional Staff to Hear From Providers & Patients About Importance of IVF Access, Realities and Limitations of Restorative Reproductive Medicine
ASRM briefing united lawmakers, physicians & patients on IVF access, exposing RRM limits and urging policies to expand fertility care options.
SRS Warns Against Limiting Access to IVF Under the Guise of “Restorative” Care
SRS, an ASRM affiliate, advocates evidence-based reproductive surgery and full-spectrum fertility care for conditions like endometriosis, fibroids, and PCOS.
SART Fertility Experts - Surgery Before IVF Egg Retrieval and/or Embryo Transfer
Expert insights on surgery before IVF, egg retrieval, and embryo transfer. Learn how procedures like fibroid removal and tubal surgery impact fertility success. Listen to the Episode
Conditions Treated with Surgery on the Fallopian Tubes and Ovaries
Surgery can be used to treat problems with the ovaries or fallopian tubes, such as cysts, endometriosis, or infections. View the Fact Sheet
Dilation and Curettage (D&C)
“Dilation and curettage” (D&C) is a short surgical procedure that removes tissue from your uterus (womb). You may need this procedure if you have unexplained or abnormal bleeding or if you have delivered a baby and placental tissue remains in your womb. View the Fact Sheet
Intrauterine adhesions: what are they?
The inside of the uterus is like a balloon with the front and backwalls flat against each other. View the fact sheet
Minimally invasive surgery
Surgery is termed “minimally invasive” if it uses small or no incisions (cuts). View the fact sheet
Nonhormonal Contraception
Despite a large number of contraceptive options available to couples, it is still thought that 50% of pregnancies in the United States are unintended. View the fact sheet
Treatment of uterine fibroids
Do all fibroids require treatment? Not usually, because most patients with fibroids do not have symptoms. View the fact sheet
Varicocele
A varicocele is a variation of normal anatomy in which veins in the scrotum (the sac that holds the testicles) become enlarged and sometimes even visible. View the fact sheet
HORMONAL OLMAYAN DOĞUM KONTROLÜ
Çiftler için mevcut olan çok sayıda doğum kontrol seçeneği olmasına rağmen, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’ndeki gebeliklerin %45’inin istenmeyen gebelik olduğu düşünülmektedir. View the fact sheet
Minimal invaziv cerrahi
Cerrahi yapılırken, küçük insizyonlar (kesiler) kullanıyorsa veya hiç kullanmıyorsa “minimal invaziv” olarak adlandırılır. View the fact sheet
Varikosel
Varikosel, skrotumda (testisleri tutan torba) bulunan damarların genişlemesidir. View the fact sheet
Robotic Surgery
Robotic surgery is a form of laparoscopy. View the fact sheet
SART Fertility Experts - What is an REI?
These experts in infertility lead IVF programs, perform reproductive surgery, and perform research to enhance the field of reproductive medicine. Listen to the Episode
SART Fertility Experts - Tubal Surgery in the IVF Era
In this episode of SART Fertility Experts, Dr. Brad Hurst and Dr. Mark Trolice, to review the indications for tubal surgery. Listen to the Episode
Infertility: an Overview (booklet)
Infertility is typically defined as the inability to achieve pregnancy after one year of unprotected intercourse. View the booklet
Laparoscopy and Hysteroscopy
Laparoscopy and hysteroscopy can be used for both diagnostic (looking only) and operative (looking and treating) purposes. View the bookletVaricocele
Varicocele
A varicocele is a variation of normal anatomy in which veins in the scrotum (the sac that holds the testicles) become enlarged and sometimes even visible. View the fact sheet
Varicocele Infographics
ASRM has prepared infographics to illustrate the subject of Varicocele better. View the InfographicsFind a Health Professional
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